{ "review_date": "2026-11-06", "entries": [ { "id": "K58", "title": "Keeling (1958), The Concentration and Isotopic Abundances of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide in Rural Areas", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0016703758900334", "locator": "pp322–334, publisher abstract", "support": "Rural-air observations interpreted through background air plus plant-derived CO2. This supports a conditional mixing interpretation, not universal attribution by regression alone.", "limitations": "Publisher abstract read; full 1958 methods not retrieved. Scripps bibliography lists this article without PDF. The accessible 1957 proceedings is a different publication.", "access": "abstract/metadata" }, { "id": "K24", "title": "Koutsoyiannis (2024), Net Isotopic Signature of Atmospheric CO2 Sources and Sinks: No Change since the Little Ice Age", "url": "https://www.itia.ntua.gr/en/getfile/2444/1/documents/sci-06-00017-v4.pdf", "doi": "10.3390/sci6010017", "locator": "§2 pp4–5; §4.4 p15; §5.3 p20; Table4 p23; Appendix A pp24–25 EqA8", "support": "Atmospheric CO2 and isotope curves from Bohm Figure4 were digitized, using ice/firn/air observations, not sponge DIC. Table4 Keeling intercepts: Barrow −13.2, La Jolla −13.3, Mauna Loa −13.3, South Pole −12.9, proxy −13.3 per mil. Proxy subperiod analysis admits changes; proxy modeling fixes −13.2 to the modern-site average. EqA8 has signed weights for a rise/fall cycle.", "limitations": "Exact 53-point atmospheric digitization/code not located. Author-hosted v4 includes editorial-looking alternative-figure notes; publisher endpoint rate-limited. Table4 is not a formal ±0.2 confidence interval. Modern fit and proxy model are different operations.", "access": "full PDF preserved; text extracted" }, { "id": "B02", "title": "Bohm et al. (2002), Evidence for preindustrial variations in the marine surface water carbonate system from coralline sponges", "url": "https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2001GC000264", "locator": "Figure4; §5.2 paragraphs21–23; Appendix A", "support": "Figure4 compares sponge marine isotope records with atmospheric ice/firn/air records; atmospheric isotope curve is scaled for display. The marine-to-atmospheric isotope-change ratio varies: roughly 0.8 before1960 and 0.5 in the 1960s–1980s, later increasing. Appendix A gives sponge measurements.", "limitations": "No direct atmospheric Keeling-intercept measurement. Variable transfer, regional seawater and chronology constrain conversions. Browser full text read; direct HTML download403. Original sponge bytes independently preserved from NOAA.", "access": "full primary HTML read; raw data preserved" }, { "id": "B02DATA", "title": "Bohm et al., Caribbean Sclerosponge Carbon Isotope Data, NOAA contribution2002-020", "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/coral/caribbean/readme_caribbean.txt", "locator": "readme and five named tab-delimited data files", "support": "Measurements are aragonitic sponge skeleton delta13C, a proxy for Caribbean seawater DIC, with a U/Th age model. Original receipt April2002; dates1368–1995.", "limitations": "Not the atmospheric digitization used by K24. Do not interpret positive skeletal values as atmospheric flux signatures.", "access": "readme and all five series preserved" }, { "id": "K06", "title": "Kohler et al. (2006), On the application and interpretation of Keeling plots in paleo climate research", "url": "https://bg.copernicus.org/articles/3/539/2006/bg-3-539-2006.pdf", "doi": "10.5194/bg-3-539-2006", "locator": "§2 pp540–542; Figure1 p541; Eqs6–7", "support": "Figure1 gives Law Dome −13.1 per mil and r²0.96. Raw and detrended Point Barrow yield different intercepts. Long-term interpretation includes land/ocean uptake and exchange; the atmospheric intercept need not equal the original anthropogenic emission signature. The paper contrasts two-reservoir and extended exchange formulations.", "limitations": "Its model interpretation is not by itself proof of actual attribution; numerical source citation is substantially accurate. Original Law Dome sample-level overlap with K24 not fully reconciled.", "access": "full PDF preserved; text extracted" }, { "id": "M86", "title": "Mook (1986), 13C in atmospheric CO2", "url": "https://research.rug.nl/en/publications/13c-in-atmospheric-co2/", "doi": "10.1016/0077-7579(86)90043-8", "locator": "institutional metadata", "support": "Bibliographic identity verified.", "limitations": "Full methods inaccessible; cannot certify every fractionation value attributed to this article.", "access": "metadata only" }, { "id": "Z95", "title": "Zhang, Quay & Wilbur (1995), Carbon isotope fractionation during gas-water exchange and dissolution of CO2", "url": "https://www.ocean.washington.edu/research/sil/publications.htm", "doi": "10.1016/0016-7037(95)91550-D", "locator": "author-institution bibliography; primary publisher abstract as surfaced alongside related primary article", "support": "Study concerns kinetic and equilibrium gas/water and carbonate-species fractionation, not a universal global natural-net signature.", "limitations": "Full publisher text403; exact experimental tables not audited. Do not claim full verification from metadata.", "access": "primary metadata; limited abstract" }, { "id": "M74", "title": "Mook, Bommerson & Staverman (1974), Carbon isotope fractionation between dissolved bicarbonate and gaseous carbon dioxide", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0012821X74900788", "doi": "10.1016/0012-821X(74)90078-8", "locator": "publisher abstract", "support": "Experimental bicarbonate–gas equilibrium fractionation depends on temperature. The abstract reports measurements over5–25C and a temperature relation.", "limitations": "Additional primary study, distinct from target citation M86. Does not constrain net signed biosphere/ocean residual.", "access": "primary abstract" }, { "id": "C95", "title": "Ciais et al. (1995), A large Northern Hemisphere terrestrial CO2 sink indicated by the 13C/12C ratio of atmospheric CO2", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17755534/", "doi": "10.1126/science.269.5227.1098", "locator": "abstract", "support": "Uses atmospheric network isotope observations to estimate land and ocean removal; the abstract explicitly discusses terrestrial uptake.", "limitations": "Full methodology not retrieved. Enough to reject characterizing the study solely as an assertion that fossil emissions are the only light-carbon process, not enough for complete methodological validation.", "access": "abstract" }, { "id": "I21", "title": "IPCC AR6 WGI Chapter5, Global Carbon and Other Biogeochemical Cycles and Feedbacks", "url": "https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter05.pdf", "locator": "Executive Summary p676; §5.2.1.1 pp687–689; §5.2.1.2 pp689–691; Figure5.6", "support": "Attributes industrial rise to human activities; separates fossil/industry from land-use emissions and describes land/ocean uptake. Its evidence includes interhemispheric gradients, stable isotopes, oxygen and radiocarbon. It does not define anthropogenic causation as a surviving fossil-origin stock fraction.", "limitations": "Assessment used to verify its actual claim, not authority-based proof. Full underlying observational inventory was not independently remeasured.", "access": "full official PDF preserved; relevant sections read" }, { "id": "NAA", "title": "NOAA, Carbon cycle", "url": "https://www.noaa.gov/education/resource-collections/climate/carbon-cycle", "locator": "Human activities/carbon-cycle discussion", "support": "Fossil combustion is principal human CO2 source; land changes and cement also matter; ocean uptake is discussed.", "limitations": "Educational summary, not a quantitative inverse attribution analysis.", "access": "official HTML preserved" }, { "id": "NAI", "title": "NOAA GML, Stable Isotopes", "url": "https://gml.noaa.gov/education/isotopes/", "locator": "carbon-cycle/isotope explanation", "support": "Connects declining atmospheric13C with fossil emissions and describes substantial uptake elsewhere. Its simplified causal wording genuinely targets fossil burning.", "limitations": "Educational simplification does not establish equality between fuel endmember and net-growth intercept. Do not treat broad prose on ocean preference as exact fractionation physics.", "access": "official HTML preserved" }, { "id": "NASA", "title": "NASA, The Causes of Climate Change", "url": "https://science.nasa.gov/climate-change/causes/", "locator": "human cause / fossil fuel and land clearing sections", "support": "Attributes industrial CO2 increase to human activity, principally fossil burning, with lesser land clearing.", "limitations": "No assertion that all additional atmospheric molecules have fossil provenance; educational source.", "access": "official HTML preserved" }, { "id": "EPA", "title": "US EPA, Carbon Dioxide Emissions", "url": "https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/carbon-dioxide-emissions", "locator": "overview and sources", "support": "Identifies human emissions as the reason for increased CO2; lists fossil fuels, industrial processes, land use and sinks.", "limitations": "No physical assertion that net-growth isotope signature equals emitted-fuel signature.", "access": "official HTML preserved" }, { "id": "J13", "title": "Joos et al. (2013), Carbon dioxide and climate impulse response functions for the computation of greenhouse gas metrics: a multi-model analysis", "url": "https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/13/2793/2013/", "doi": "10.5194/acp-13-2793-2013", "locator": "abstract; experiment definition", "support": "Atmospheric response is defined for a CO2 emission pulse into a background system; not a first-exit residence distribution of tagged atoms.", "limitations": "Model ensemble is not proof of every actual parameter. Used to identify the modeled observable.", "access": "primary landing/abstract" }, { "id": "G25", "title": "Friedlingstein et al. (2026), Global Carbon Budget2025", "url": "https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/18/3211/2026/", "doi": "10.5194/essd-18-3211-2026", "locator": "abstract, budget definitions; corrigendum pp4–5", "support": "Separates fossil/industry, land-use emissions, atmospheric growth and land/ocean sinks. 2025 estimates including425.6ppm are presented as preliminary projections. Corrigendum26October2026 changes Table6 ocean-interior estimates only, with no other results affected.", "limitations": "Current publication/data may differ from input vintage used by target. Source provides quantitative uncertainties; budget imbalance is not identically zero.", "data_url": "https://doi.org/10.18160/GCP-2025", "corrigendum_url": "https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/18/3211/2026/essd-18-3211-2026-corrigendum.pdf", "access": "primary HTML read; corrigendum PDF preserved" }, { "id": "CS26", "title": "Cohler & Soon (2026), frozen target and current author copy", "url": "https://papers.jcohler.com/keeling/keeling.pdf", "locator": "whole19-page paper, especially §9 pp88–96 and Data Availability p96", "support": "Current author PDF is byte-identical to frozen journal PDF. Later defenses explicitly address net signatures, detrended fits, physical operators, short residence times and forcing implications.", "limitations": "No separate replication package or later reply found through checked author/journal landing and linked-datasets pages; code availability remains unresolved.", "access": "full PDF preserved; full target read" }, { "id": "SC", "title": "Scripps monthly atmospheric datasets", "url": "https://keelinglabsites.ucsd.edu/websitedataco2/", "locator": "monthly_flask_c13 and monthly_merge_co2 / monthly_flask_co2 series for ptb,ljo,mlo,spo", "support": "Public monthly series available for proposed current-vintage reproduction.", "limitations": "Manager acquired and executes these; this reviewer has not fitted them. Updated calibration/vintage and analysis end date must be recorded.", "access": "directory verified; acquisition delegated to manager" } ] }